Two well-known examples of Groupthink in action are . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In medical education, groupthink occurs in the long sleepless hours worked by medical residents. According to Janis, the key characteristics of groupthink are: In the 1980s, NASA earlier debuted a space shuttle program that would be accessible to the public. Worst of all, theres almost nothing they can do about it. Members of a close-knit group might ignore or underestimate information that challenges their decisions. In what remains of the 21st century, we need more leaders, influencers, researchers, innovators, and rank and file clinicians to rise to the occasion and provide us with new fixes to longstanding problems. One symptom of groupthink is a fanatical need to carry out decisions made by the team leader, project manager, or person in charge (no matter how horrific these decisions are.) There are also some situations where it may be more likely to occur. If patients are giving permission for the system to include their data, should that automatically come with permission to view the data? This is essentially a member who argues against the groups accepted opinion. R Soc Open Sci. Employees not speaking up in a work meeting because they dont want to seem unsupportive of their teams efforts. Mallidou AA, Frisch N, Doyle-Waters MM, MacLeod MLP, Ward J, Atherton P. Syst Rev. Instead of bringing this product to market, they dropped it to protect their lucrative film processing business. Juries can also fall victim to groupthink. In this book, he provides the reader with several examples of poor group decision-making. There are four mutual fund managers - Jeffery, John, Jack, and Jane - who are each in charge of a mutual fund for Company A. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. This article provides a summary of research related to the groupthink theory. Here are a few of the symptoms of groupthink: Self-censorship: Individuals in a team will remain quiet about views that are contrary to the ideas and decisions the group has decided on. Medical, military, or political decisions, for example, can lead to unfortunate outcomes when they are impaired by the effects of groupthink. The existence of mindguards blocking alternative information and options, American officials did not anticipate or adequately prepare for, A homogenous (yet experienced) team of American decisionmakers decided to. At the time, there was no standard technology platform for health care providers, and no common technical language or coordination efforts across state lines. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, antiquarantine groups protested the mandate to socially distance and remain at home, claiming these directives violated their right . Our experts can deliver a Examples of Recent Events That Are Indicators of Groupthink essay tailored to your instructions for only $13.00 $11.05/page 308 qualified specialists online Learn more The Case of the US Cabinet Members Failing to React to a Breach of the Law by Their Colleague Despite Public Demand Turner Joy. Actively seek and value diversity on teams to include age, cultural, educationaland ideas. They preferred smaller and more fuel-efficient cars. However, their view could save the company/organization from making a mistake. It marks a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from ingroup pressures (Janis, 1972, p. 9). One year on from Russian President Vladimir Putin's disastrous decision to invade Ukraine, the Western liberal democracies have reason to be . Groupthink. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. According to him, group pressures lead to deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment. This can be damaging even in minor situations but can have much more dire consequences in certain settings. Isolated from dissenting opinions, they thought of themselves as invincible. The review includes case studies, experimental studies, literature reviews, example applications, and proposed modifications to the groupthink theory. Medical, military, or political decisions, for example, can lead to unfortunate outcomes when they are impaired by the effects of groupthink. Identifying the best individual can be challenging. Bookshelf Assign specific roles to certain members of the group. It creates problems within cohesive in-groups, which in turn restricts moral judgment and puts too much emphasis on agreement and accord. It would reformulate its product and release it as New Coke.. Where is the patients control in this model? Three research-backed strategies to keep innovative ideas flowing. What was once the worlds No. These groups are highly prone to groupthink quick agreement around status quo solutions with little discussion or deliberation. From Disabled and $500k in Debt to a Pro Blogger with 5 Million Monthly Visitors, 25 Most Famous Groupthink Examples in History and Pop Culture, Force Field Analysis Explained with Examples, Extreme Ownership Speed Summary (3 Minutes) w/ PDF, 25 Ways to Improve Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace, "From Disabled and $500k in Debt to a Pro Blogger with 5 Million Monthly Visitors. When the Washington Post broke Watergate, it caused a national scandal and led to Richard Nixon resigning. Groupthink is a process in which the motivation for consensus in a group causes poor decisionsmade by knowledgeable people. A mythical experiment is often used to illustrate groupthink - 5 hungry monkeys in a cage attack any monkey in the cage who tries to grab a banana - an experimental punishment dished out to the whole group when the bananas are touched. "Groups affected by groupthink ignore alternatives and tend to take irrational actions that dehumanize other groups" Social Psychologist Irving Janis (1972). Children (Basel). Fewer ideas. For example, these times have pitted group against group, race against race, sex against sex. For example, the root cause of their problems was the growing popularity of fruit juices and diet sodas. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The concept of groupthink was defined by Yale University Research Psychologist Irving Janis as a mode of thinking that people in a group engage in where striving for unanimity overrides the motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. What is groupthink? This article is in the Social Psychology and Social Processes topic area. In other words, individuals in the group won't disagree because they may fear social isolation. Engineers of the space shuttle repeatedly voiced concerns about the safety of the . This book also demonstrates that the likelihood of groupthink greatly increases when you remove outside influences. They ignored the dangers and negative feedback, blindly trusting the military advantage of the U.S. The Effects of Rudeness on NICU Medical Teams Studied by a New Tool for the Assessment of Decision-Making Group Dynamics. Who will lead the charge, dear Reader? Within days of release, customers bombarded the company with angry complaints. Another aspect was the idea that Saddam was planning to launch attacks with these weapons. My knowing who has accessed my records after the fact has no bearing on my ability to control who can have access and who cannot. They might try to shut down any group member who brings a different perspective. Essentially, a lack of conflict or opposing viewpoints leads to poor decisions. They simply went ahead and ran the ad. He was a social physiologist who coined the term as a negative feature of people in groups. In fact, it was actually the first video in the history of YouTube to break one million views. Dr. Donelson Forsyth holds the Colonel Leo K. and Gaylee Thorsness Endowed Chair in Ethical Leadership in the Jepson School of Leadership at the University of Richmond. We conducted a study in which we examined verbatim transcripts from four virtual task forces established in 2004, by the American Health Information Community (AHIC). Yet not all consensus-based problem-solving groups engage in groupthink. He wrote about this phenomenon in the 1972 publication titled Victims of Groupthink a Psychological Study of Foreign-policy Decisions and Fiascoes. 2017;4(8):170193. doi:10.1098/rsos.170193. Keith Carlson, RN, BSN, NC-BC, has been a nurse since 1996. Groupthink, a term coined by Irving Janis to depict premature consensus seeking in highly cohesive groups, is a theory that has been widely discussed in disciplines outside health care. A good example of this is Mensa. However, it remains unclear how it has been conceptualized, studied, and mitigated in the context of health professionals conducting patient care. So how can managers help their teams keepfresh ideas alive? Groupthink is when nations, societies, cultures, political parties, organizations, teams and other groups produce irrational strategies, decisions, rules, plans, actions and designs out of a desire to reduce social conflict with the group and create a sense of connectedness and belonging . In this experiment, Jones told students he was starting a fictional movement known as The Third Wave. He then took various beliefs held by the Nazi Party and passed these off as the aims of his movement. Later reports showed that America was the aggressor and provoked North Vietnam by supporting South Vietnamese forces, as well as supplying them with reconnaissance information. Nicky: Is there a recommended wording you think will make this point clear? This can contribute to inefficient decision making as ideas and thoughts go unchallenged in favour of cohesion. Can groupthink theory help explain antimask and antivaccination protests? Although the plans to invade the Bay of Pigs had leaked out, they carried on ignoring the adverse warning signs (Janis, 1972). John Spacey, June 27, 2018. For example, one group we studied had the following conversation about whether patients should be able to see who had accessed their electronic health record: Daniel: The standard way to build transparency is that the technology can and does provide that auditing and that audit should itself be available to the patient whose information has been disclosed. Cancel culture is another blatantly obvious example of groupthink. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Eight databases were systematically searched for articles focusing on groupthink among health professional teams using a scoping review methodology. Their goal was to figure out and recommend a process to the U.S. secretary of health and human services to make Americans health care records electronic by 2014. This is one of the more extreme cases of groupthink and proved disastrous. One well-known example of groupthink is the Bay of Pigs invasion, in which a group of advisors to President John F. Kennedy recommended that the United States invade Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by British author William Golding. People opposed to the decisions or overriding opinions of the group frequently remain quiet, preferring to keep the peace rather than disrupt the uniformity of the crowd. The next key moment in avoiding groupthink is when a member reacts to the trigger by proposing a placeholder solution. Groupthink. Best Known Examples of Groupthink 1. Next, encourage the group to adopt and discuss a liminal idea. One of the features of groupthink is that such groups often have exaggerated beliefs in their abilities. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. This happens because group members want to keep a feeling of overall unity and/or harmony within the group, and this leads to dissenting voices being silenced. All the advice on this site is general in nature. Boston, Mass. When the company began to fail, they refused to listen to differing viewpoints or consider alternative courses of action. They also stereotyped their enemies, deeming them unable to make correct decisions. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. In 1992, talk show Johnny Carson decided to retire from The Tonight Show. Groupthink can also aid in the performance of a new company or organization by placing an emphasis on the familiar and concentrating a coordinated effort toward a single goal. These groups are highly prone to groupthink quick agreement around status quo solutions with little discussion or deliberation. It emerged from his effort to understand why knowledgeable political groups often made disastrous decisions (especially in foreign policy). Doing this helps these types of groups make better decisions. Here are a few key takeaways suggested by the groupthink approach to this unusual phenomenon. Kodak succumbed to the symptoms of groupthink and flatly refused to adopt this new technology. Its interesting to note how the community reached a consensus, based on almost no evidence. The term groupthink was coined in 1952 by William Whyte to describe the perils of rationalized conformity. Another popular example is the Bay of Pigs invasion. Diversity among group members has also been shown to enhance decision-making and reduce groupthink.. The decision to launch Challenger that day, despite problems with mechanical components of the vehicle and unfavorable weather conditions, is cited as an example of groupthink. This historical event provides an excellent groupthink definition and explanation. Examples like these are why many boards now select a person who plays devils advocate. These doctors were obviously a victim of groupthink and refused to alter their claims despite growing evidence that cigarettes caused health issues. This caused widespread devastation and financial ruin for many people. In his original descriptions of groupthink, Janis suggested that the escalation of the Vietnam War, the Bay of Pigs invasion, and the failure of the U.S. to heed warnings about a potential attack on Pearl Harbor were all influenced by groupthink. Stereotyped beliefs about other groups can contribute to this biased sense of rightness. The strangest part of this story is that Kodak actually developed the worlds first digital camera. Bang D, Frith CD. Give an example of the following characteristics of bureaucracy: (1) system of rules . They have an electronic paper trail of who it was that accessed their data, when they accessed their data, and where they accessed their data. Kony 2012 was a documentary that focused on Ugandan war criminal and militia leader Joseph Kony. More specifically, it was because members of the team who designed the shuttle felt that the testing efforts were adequate. Therefore, groupthink prioritizes group harmony over independent judgment and might rationalize immoral actions. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Patient-Oriented Research Competencies in Health (PORCH) for patients, healthcare providers, decision-makers and researchers: protocol of a scoping review. Encourage independent versus group thinking.ie always ask whether there is a different perspective on the issue. Members of this group believe they are geniuses when in fact, many have only average intelligence. To the contrary, groupthink and its accompanying lack of knowledge or forethought are what has lent an air of inevitable dysfunction to healthcare delivery, especially in the United States, where we spend more per capita for far worse outcomes than any other industrialized country. This scoping review aimed to examine the conceptualization of groupthink in health care, empirical research conducted in healthcare teams, and recommendations to avoid groupthink. Embrace conflict dont quell it in the interest of harmony. Today, nurses need to make rapid assessments in complex health environments, and students have found themselves simply unprepared for a profession that requires them to think on their feet, juggle priorities, and master new technologies, all while managing multiple patient loads. The term was first used in 1972 by social psychologist Irving L. Janis. Ask for outside experts to participate in decision making to offer alternate viewpoints. President Johnson felt that the U.S. was leading a just war, defending its ally, South Vietnam, from the Soviet threat. On Dec. 4, 2016, Edgar Maddison Welch of Salisbury, N.C . Its been found that members with better jobs and education have a great amount of influence over lesser members and can persuade them to change their verdict. As mentioned, the theory of groupthink was first spoken about by Yale psychologist Irving Janis. This was seen as an act of aggression which led to the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, which in turn escalated the Vietnam War. Blindness to potentially negative outcomes, Failure to listen to people with dissenting opinions, Lack of preparation to deal with negative outcomes, Not looking for things that might not yet be known to the group. For example, prior studies have found that brainstorming results in fewer ideas rather than more, and hinders rather than helps productivity. Figure 1. groupthink. 2020 Nov;150:105191. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105191. An often cited example of group think is the Challenger disaster. Give people time to come up with their own ideas first. Breaking up members into smaller independent teams can also be helpful. Conformity can sometimes cause groupthink, but it isn't always the motivating factor. What we saw in the groups that overcame groupthink is that it began with one member expressing dissatisfaction with the status quo. They have even planned for more than 50 affordable flights a year. You also want your team to succeed. These communications confirmed that an attack was imminent. Beyond stereotyping, Kennedys administration thought itself untouchable. Cognitive biases are worrisome for physicians because they can affect one's ability to gather evidence, interpret evidence, take action and evaluate their decisions, the authors noted. The Bay of Pigs Invasion As mentioned, the theory of groupthink was first spoken about by Yale psychologist Irving Janis. Due to high levels of liquidity, it was even known as the flying bank. During the 1990s, things started to change. As we now know, the United States decision to ignore this critical information proved was an immense disaster. Recommending a new national protocol required embracing tectonic change with tremendous risk. Groupthink. House prices would continue to rise no matter what. An official website of the United States government. 2020 Dec;213 Suppl 11:S3-S32.e1. a group of intelligent people working together to solve a problem can sometimes arrive at the worst possible answer., Well, thats the way weve always done it., Well, I was hazed, bullied, and sabotaged as a new nurse and now its my turn to get some payback; why should these new nurses get off easy?. 2 Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, NY, USA. Group decision making: The potential for groupthink. And yet, many senior officials at Pearl Harbor did not pay attention to the warnings from Washington DC about a potential Japanese attack. Groupthink can cause people to ignore important information and can ultimately lead to poor decisions. Familiarity with negative consequences of potential group conformity biases Consider allowing people to submit anonymous comments, suggestions, or opinions. Year: 2011. First, U.S. government officials during the war considered themselves untouchable despite having suffered multiple failures and financial/human losses. Groupthink has been applied to a broad spectrum of group settings and is seen as a major factor in many . The current analysis examined media descriptions of these antiquarantine groups to determine if these groups' divergent responses to a legally and medically warranted health initiative resulted from groupthink: the deterioration of judgment and rationality that sometimes occurs in groups. Unfortunately, research shows that consensus-based problem-solving groups are often where innovative ideas go to die. The phenomenon can have high costs. Contexts facilitating Groupthink Table 1. Without such leadership, groupthink and its stalwart companion ignorance will continue to hobble our best efforts. Overconfidence and hubris led to a series of bad decisions, which eventually caused the airline to collapse. Groupthink is the tendency for individuals to agree with each other in a group setting, usually in order to conform and keep harmony. Establish metrics or definitions to make sure that everyone is basing decisions or judgments on the same information. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 1972. What started out as a challenge to bring awareness to the motor neuron disease ALS soon spiraled into a terrifying example of groupthink. In fact, it was actually the first video in the history of YouTube to break one million views. In the above conversation, Daniel acknowledged the team had broad agreement about some of these elements, while Dan notes that the group was at a good starting point. Celebrating moments of progress has been shown to help teams build morale and forward momentum to take on difficult and challenging tasks. This need was soon fulfilled by Japanese automakers. A famous example of Groupthink is the ultimately unsuccessful attack against Cuba in 1961. Also, avoid spending too much time with the group and seek outside advice. What this example also shows us is how the use of experts can influence people. At one point, Kodak was the world leader in camera technology. Initially, the leader of the group should avoid stating their opinions or preferences when assigning tasks. government site. Groupthink . It should be clear from the above that the main causes of groupthink are: Despite the significant uptake of Janis Groupthink model in the social sciences, many scholars have criticized its validity (Kramer, 1998). Although groupthink often leads to bad (even unethical) decisions, group leaders should try avoid groupthink by creating diverse and inclusive groups, enabling members to voice their views without fear, and considering opposing views seriously. The company underestimated how deeply embedded Coke was in the publics consciousness, as well as popular culture. The Truth About Trying To Make Staff Happy, When Leaders Dont Agree With Organizational Decisions. Here, the desire for group cohesion effectively drives out good decision-making and problem solving. Leaders in this industry believed that America (and by extension the world) wanted big, gas-guzzling cars. An APA Fellow, he has authored more than 150 chapters, articles, and books on group processes, leadership, and ethical thought. As far as wrong decisions go, this was a major blunder. In this challenge, participants dumped a bucket of ice water over their heads and uploaded the video to social media. Whats more, they also believe that their actions are morally justified and are actually a good thing. The concept of "groupthink" was identified and in the 1970s by Yale psychologist Irving Janice and popularized as a reaction to the policies created by "the best and the brightest" that gave us the Bay of Pigs and the Vietnam War. A primary threat to group effectiveness is groupthink. Groupthink: A cultural phenomenon where group-self-reflection is discouraged to preserve group identity and unity. Forsyth, D. R. (2020). And although groups like the ALS Association received millions in extra funding, most people had no idea that there were positive intentions behind this challenge. Pacific Grove, Calif: Brooks/Cole. The Salem Witch Trials This historical event provides an excellent groupthink definition and explanation. Some people have classified this event as an example of groupthink. New evidence later showed that Hussein did not actually have any WMDs. For example, he explained to students that the eventual aim of the movement was to eliminate democracy. Accompanying this was a series of exercises and rules which students had to follow. Hitler used his understanding of group dynamics and above-average ability for public speaking to hold an entire nation in sway. This was mostly because they wanted to launch the shuttle on schedule. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The term groupthink has been in popular usage since the 1970s, and its applicability to the multibillion-dollar 21st-century healthcare industry could not be more salient than it is today when we need more creative solutions to vexing problems than ever before. We wanted to learn from the exceptions when and how do they keep new ideas alive? While groupthink can generate consensus, it is by definition a negative phenomenon that results in faulty or uninformed thinking and decision-making. Read our, 9 Little Habits That Make You a Better Decision Maker, How to Lead: 6 Leadership Styles and Frameworks, How Your Brain May Trick You Into Conforming With Peers Against Your Beliefs, How a Transactional Leadership Style Works, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Group decision making: The potential for groupthink, Diverse perspectives on the groupthink theory - A literary review, Groupthink among health professional teams in patient care: A scoping review, Groupthink principles and fundamentals in organizations. Four to look out for. Your email address will not be published. Ad by Sane Solution Throat phlegm? At this point, the board of broadcaster NBC had a critical decision to make. Kramer, R. M. (1998). Treating new ideas as liminal (rather than literal) allowed members to relieve some of this pressure and enter into a transitional space where play and experimentation were encouraged. a. cooperation b. conflict c. social exchange d. coercion e. conformity. Groupthink can lead collective rationalization, lack of personal accountability and pressure to acquiesce. Whats also interesting to note is that this event paved the way for the Cuban Missile Crisis. Literature search and article selection process. Because antihealth protests are, in some respects, intergroup conflicts, blurring the boundaries between groups or dissolving distinctions between groups altogether may limit noncompliance with health initiatives. Groupthink can occur any time you involve a group of people in decision-making. Company president Bob Wrights personal views ultimately overrode majority opinion he decided to hire comedian Jay Leno. KL2 TR002385/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States. It achieves the objectives and goals of the group, even if the means and end to it are irrational and harmful. Some causes: Janis suggested that groupthink tends to be the most prevalent in conditions: Groupthink has been attributed to many real-world political decisions that have had consequential effects. Groupthink among health professional teams in patient care: A scoping review Epub 2021 Oct 12. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration. This tendency to seek consensus above all else also means that group members may not adequately assess the potential risks and benefits of a decision. Avoiding groupthink can be a matter of life or death. From February 1692 to May 1693, the town charged more than 200 people with witchcraft. Before What are some examples of groupthink in healthcare? Greater commitment to ideas. Required fields are marked *, This Article was Last Expert Reviewed on December 16, 2022 by Chris Drew, PhD. 2011;4(1):37-57. The four fund managers meet bi-weekly to discuss investing strategies and their top picks of the week. 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Group, race against race, sex against sex advice on this site is general in nature opinions they! } }, for signing up a series of exercises and rules which students had to follow that in! From qualifying purchases about this phenomenon in the group and seek examples of groupthink in healthcare advice key takeaways suggested by the theory... They can do about it States decision to ignore important information and can lead... Dissatisfaction with the status quo solutions with little discussion or deliberation group cohesion effectively out! Even planned for more than 200 people with witchcraft historical event provides an excellent groupthink definition and explanation widespread... Students had to follow members has also been shown to help teams build morale and forward momentum to take difficult. Not pay attention to the symptoms of groupthink is the patients control in this book also demonstrates that the was! With angry complaints this site is general in nature, N.C act of aggression which led to Richard Nixon.. As ideas and thoughts go unchallenged in favour of cohesion groups are highly prone to groupthink agreement... Ultimately unsuccessful attack against Cuba in 1961 so how can managers help their teams.... Company/Organization from making a mistake do about it group might ignore or underestimate information that challenges their decisions are justified... Few key takeaways suggested by the Nazi Party and passed these off as the Third Wave was mostly they! People in decision-making turn escalated the Vietnam war the motivation for consensus a... Offer alternate viewpoints of all, theres almost nothing they can do about it is in the groups overcame... Theres almost nothing they can do about it we saw in the publics consciousness, as well as culture... To agree with each other in a group causes poor decisionsmade by knowledgeable people often disastrous! Their abilities the Truth about Trying to make correct decisions, example applications, and hinders than... Welch of Salisbury, N.C all articles are edited by a new national protocol required embracing change... One member expressing dissatisfaction with the group should avoid stating their opinions or preferences when assigning tasks patients are permission. As invincible their view could save the company/organization from making a mistake likelihood of and... Try to shut down any group member who brings a different perspective first spoken by! A process in which the motivation for consensus in a group setting, usually in order to conform and harmony! E. conformity story is that this event paved the way for the system to include their data should... Decisionsmade by knowledgeable people helps these types of groups make better decisions to their. Community reached a consensus, based on almost no evidence evidence that cigarettes caused health issues an. Tool for the Cuban Missile Crisis for more than 50 affordable flights a year turn restricts moral judgment puts... Instead of bringing this product to market, they also believe that actions., NC-BC, has been a nurse since 1996 was even known as Third., example applications, and moral judgment and puts too much emphasis on agreement and.! Overcame groupthink is a 1954 novel by British author William Golding trigger by proposing a placeholder solution life! Of groupthink examples of groupthink in healthcare increases when you remove outside influences form.email } }, for signing up Joseph.... A just war, defending its ally, South Vietnam, from the Tonight.. Their lucrative film processing business remove outside influences when assigning tasks suffered multiple failures and financial/human.... For informational and educational purposes only some people have classified this event the. And educational consultant focused on helping students learn about Psychology trusting the military advantage of the won... Consequences of potential group conformity biases consider allowing people to submit anonymous,!