To cut a long, complicated, and somewhat boring story down to a minimum, the company finally gave in to legal pressure and dissolved in 1902. Bottles, however, were the exception rather than the rule--they simply added to the price of whiskey. The company bought the Old Fitzgerald brand name*by 1933 veach in 1933 and went on to become part of United Distillers in the 1980s. Further north, the Pilgrims also were making beer, and according to John Hull Brown in his book, Early American Beverages, they werent above adding flavorings in the form of molasses, tree barks (spruce, birch, and sassafras were popular), and fruit and vegetables, such as apples and pumpkins, to their brews. (Not all these people personally produced brand names that are now familiar to us, but they did establish a whiskey-making tradition in their respective families--the whiskeys with which these families became connected are noted.). The Ripy brothers opened a distillery in 1905 that would later be known as the Wild Turkey Distillery. Bonding helped the whiskey men a little since it meant that they didnt have to pay their taxes as soon as the spirit ran out of the still, but 12 months wasnt a very long grace period considering that whiskey under two years old isnt worth drinking, and it doesnt really gain much character until it has been in the wood for three to four years. After the American Civil War (1861-1865) beer replaced whiskey as preferred beverage of working men. The process is partially described by Gerald Carson in The Social History of Bourbon, and although we have added the description of the lid, the still must have looked something like this: A distiller would take a log, split it lengthwise, hollow out each half, and bind it back together. When Grant was elected U.S. president in 1868, the whole countrys relief was palpable. In 1882 a distillery by the name of R. B. Hayden and Company fired up its stills to make the first bottles of Old Grand-Dad bourbon. One of the women who had joined the Womens Crusade and was president of the WTCU. World Class 'Sipping' Single Malt Whiskies Under $100, Ranked. Grants magnificent military might, however, didnt prepare him for the presidency. The distillers supplied bars and saloons with decanters and bottles that bore the distillers name and could be used to pour their product, but it wasnt at all uncommon for cheap whiskey to be poured from its cask into decanters that advertised a more-expensive product. A bottle exists today, produced in 1848, that bears the word bourbon and the distillers name, M. Bininger and Company of New York. And whereas Grant had originally claimed to have been grievously betrayed by McDonald, he now said that McDonald was a reliable friend, and cited McDonalds friendship with Babcock as good enough reason to believe him innocent of the charges. Was this Whiskeygate? These were to be trying times for the President. By far, bourbon is the most popular style of American whiskey and it's among the best-loved styles of whiskey worldwide. Add to that the fact that, in some circles, drinking is also a sin, and it becomes relatively easy to convince a nation that drink should be taxed. The aging factor needs a little more investigation. They now own the Old Taylor, Old Crow, Old Overholt, and Old Grand-Dad brand names, in addition to four small-batch bourbons--Bookers, Bakers, Knob Creek, and Basil Hayden--and their signature Jim Beam whiskeys. Even by 1939 when Charles H. Baker Jr.s excellent book, The Gentlemans Companion, was published, the author noted that vodka was unnecessary to medium or small bars.. They didnt seem to care that these very impurities were responsible for the very flavor of the whiskey. Only time in wood gives it color, and only time in charred wood results in the crimson-hued tint that is peculiar to bourbon. Most of them didnt linger long to mingle with the settlers on the coast--they had left Ulster to go west and go west they did. However, most of the first blended whiskey producers (before the term blended whiskey was used) were merely trying to pull the wool over the publics eyes. In the 1960s and 1970s drinking was a fun-filled pastime: Americans reveled in all of the glories of the barroom, cocktails were served in myriad pastel hues and in copious quantities. Frankfort Distilleries (owners of the Four Roses brand) survived the dry years and was bought by the Seagram company in the 1940s. But Kentucky whiskey-makers already had started refining and improving their methods. He was thinking of running for a third term--even though he had once told Congress that he was not prepared for the office at all--and people within his administration despaired of some of the people he had chosen to work alongside him. With the increase in availability of whiskey and the rise in consumption, so too did imbibing. Not long after, many a fine barrel of whiskey was being made in the Bards Town area. (If you shake a bottle of whiskey, the bubbles that form on top, known as the bead, are an indication of the amount of alcohol in the whiskey.). At one point Wiley is rumored to have taken a bottle of bad whiskey to President Teddy Roosevelt who examined the product and declared that if people could no longer get a decent glass of whiskey, it was time that something was done about it. They made wines from elderberries, parsnips, pumpkins, and the like--if it fermented, they turned it into some form of beverage alcohol or other. In 1640, William Kieft, the Director General of the New Netherland Colony, decided that liquor should be distilled on Staten Island. alcohol. Ingredients were: 1 gal. In 1904, the Cascade Distillery (George A. Dickel) was enlarged, making it the largest distillery in the whole of Tennessee at that time. Barley was also grown in these states, and it was familiar to the farmers and distillers. Happily, the atmosphere was nowhere near as oppressive as it had been for our forefathers at the beginning of this century. So it is with American whiskey--the original concept may have been imported from far away lands, but some 300 years later, American whiskeyis a product unto itself. The taxes, when they were reintroduced in 1862 to help pay for the Civil War, had been set at 20 per proof gallon (one gallon at 100? Lincoln replied that although he wasnt a member of any such society, he personally didnt drink. Kentucky became especially powerful as they had exceptional corn and limestone-filtered water, plus easy access to rivers, enabling them to get their whiskey on a flatboat to St. Louis or New Orleans. It was economical. Within four years he was selling whiskey. Its clear that the whiskey business had its problems: The swingers of the twenties preferred gin to whiskey; post-Prohibition whiskey drinkers got used to blended whiskeys; and then the demon rum reared its head during World War II. of Louisville, points out that, although quinine and laudanum were used medicinally in the mid-1800s, few other medicines, apart from whiskey, were available. But not until 1870 would the company headed by George Garvin Brown (Old Forester) sell its whisky (without the e) only in sealed bottles. Even though some documents pertaining to the case were stolen (allegedly by a man in the employ of Grant himself), Babcock was indicted. The Confederate troops, on the other hand, didnt get their fair share of whiskey, not only due to their lack of hard cash, but also because the South couldnt afford to use what valuable grain there was to make such frivolous stuff as whiskey; people were wanting of the basic necessities just to exist. George Garvin Brown (Old Forester) and his half-brother, J. T. S. Brown, went into the wholesale whiskey business in 1870. And through the years, whiskey has developed into the complex, big-bodied, distinctively American bourbons, ryes, and Tennessee whiskeys that today, are savored by connoisseurs, sipped by grandmothers, tossed back by barflies, and discovered by almost every American as he or she reaches that magical age of twenty-one. Public confusion. Some sat alone at the bar taking notes on the particular malt they were sampling; others assembled in groups, experienced a few different drams, and discussed and compared each ones particular intricacies. The fact was that since Jefferson Davis had made whiskey hard to come by, its value had increased by leaps and bounds. So, if a saloon owner in the west needed whiskey in a hurry, he could now order by telegram and get a few barrels on its way to him the very next day. Other such organizations within the industry existed in various parts of the country around this same time, but the distilling industry in Peoria, having started with one distillery in 1844, had actually outgrown its counterpart in Kentucky by 1880. Whiskey has always been stored in wooden casks, but not always for very long, and not always in charred barrels. His master distiller, Wilhelm Hendriksen, is said to have used corn and rye to make liquor, and since the Dutch didnt develop a formula for gin until 10 or so years later, he must have been making some form of whiskey. The father of our country really knew how to look after his children; he actually suggested that public distilleries be constructed throughout the states citing that, The benefits arising from the moderate use of strong liquor have been experienced in all armies and are not to be disputed.. In fact, although pot stills were used by most of the legitimate distillers, some poorer folk were still running it on the log. This was a backwoods method of distillation that seems rather convoluted--but it worked. Crockett also mentions a tradition of this era that was never properly re-established after Prohibition ended--the free lunch table. Just over six months later, when Prohibition was repealed, the beer, wine, and spirits industries had to devise codes of their own. In modern terms, those seven gallons are the equivalent of 1.7 bottles of a standard 80-proof liquor per person, per week nearly 90 bottles a year for every adult in the nation. Jefferson once asked the question, Who would drink whiskey if wine were cheap enough? Well, those who lived in the Bluegrass State might have argued the point. Suddenly, liquor store shelves were filled with new bottlings of old brands of fine American whiskey, old-looking bottlings of new brands, and a variety of new terms were being bandied about. There must have been cases of individuals who stored whiskey and realized that it tasted better as time went by, but nevertheless, the practice of choosing to keep whiskey in the wood so that it would mature didnt become commonplace until sometime during the early- to mid-nineteenth century. In 1867, she married a physician and alcoholic, Dr. Charles Gloyd, and was widowed when her husband, despite her remonstrations to the contrary, reaped the rewards of drinking too much. It goes just as fast and just as far as public sentiment of the church will permit. But these enterprising farmer-distillers, much like the earlier distillers of plums and berries, were distilling whiskey more or less for themselves and neighbors. And although the town was originally known as Salem, the settlers soon adopted the name of their benefactor, and Bards Town (Bardstown) was born. They were sold in a small glass which normally held a gill (4 ounces) and cost 5 cents. Since rum was made nearby, in the Caribbean, and therefore was easy and relatively inexpensive to transport to the U.S., it became the drink of choice of many Americans beleaguered by both the shortage of whiskey, and a lack of money. It wasnt politically correct, it wasnt good for the body, and it was no longer a laughing matter. Basil Hayden (Old Grand-Dad Bourbon) settled in Kentucky in either 1785 or 1796, depending on the source. But the 1791 tax on American whiskey was, of course, very unpopular among the farmer-distillers. It's a tightly regulated product that must be produced in the United States and has a few distinct characteristics. Leslie Samuels (Makers Mark) reopened his Deatsville distillery in 1933, and sold T. W. Samuels bourbon (named for the first Samuels to open a commercial distillery). Bourbon whiskey was about to acquire its name. In 1913, an article appeared in The Louisville Courier-Journals special Southern Prosperity edition wherein whiskey dealer S. C. Herbst proclaimed that his Old Judge and Old Fitzgerald brands were the last Old Fashioned Copper Pot Distilled Whiskeys.. Heres a list of prominent whiskey men whose products hit the shelves between 1800 and 1860 (The current-day whiskeys with which these families became connected are noted. Hence, people such as John Thompson Street Brown, father of George Garvin Brown (Old Forester), and the Weller brothers (W. L. Wellers sons), along with many other Kentuckians, served in the Confederate Army. Though commonly believed to be a beer, the main carbohydrate is a complex form of fructose rather than starch. The Lever Food and Fuel Act was enacted later that year; designed to preserve food supplies during World War I, it made all distillation of beverage alcohol illegal. When Prohibition ended, not everyone was happy about it: Dry Senator Morris Sheppard of Texas (during Prohibition, most politicians were referred to as Wet or Dry), one of the authors of the eighteenth amendment, made a speech on January 16 (the date that Prohibition went into effect) of every year since 1920, commemorating the Noble Experiment. All sorts of ploys were used to make this rotgut at least look good. And he was right, the Anti-Saloon League was doing just that. When the Pennsylvanians arrived in Kentucky, they were met by other masters of the still who had preceded them by a couple of decades and started some new whiskey-making traditions. The Willett Family Estate has worked diligently since the mid-1800s to start, perfect, and craft their award-winning spirits. These prices could be much higher in cities or for name brand liquors. Trains and Boats and a New Look at Drinking Habits. During the dry years, Seagram had used the same name in Canada, but American bootleggers sold an inferior whiskey that they called Golden Wedding, and thus the public was still very aware of the name. Some depicted Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Grover Cleveland, and Carry Nation, while others pictured tableaux, such as a jockey on horseback or a Continental soldier. Another bone of contention on the Craig theory is the fact that since Craig never actually lived in Bourbon County (he was based slightly to the west of the county border), some people claim that this discredits him completely from ever having made a whiskey known as bourbon. By the turn of the century, over 350,000 people had settled in Kentucky. *The Civil War toe the whiskey-making states apart. The yearbook goes on to note the progress that the drys had made since the Leagues conception in 1893. Many of the larger distilleries built massive continuous stills between 1865 and 1900; whiskey was becoming big business, and continuous stills were more economical. Even so, Grant, at this point, made it clear that he wanted to clear up the whole mess and prosecute whoever was responsible for stealing the money. Furthermore, the solids left behind from the distillation process were usable as cattle feed, thus, for farmers, producing whiskey made darned good business sense. Their pride for the craft is evident in this Rare Release of the 8-Year Single Barrel Rye Whiskey. Pulque is depicted in Native American stone carvings from as early as AD 200. Rye whiskey was still very popular during the early twentieth century, and the number of bottlings of Pennsylvania Rye or Monongahela rye whiskey generally outnumbered the bourbons in advertisements of the time. The average bottle of whiskey is around 40 proof. In 1868 Congress passed a bill that reduced the excise tax to 50 per gallon, required a tax stamp to be put on all American-made spirits, and gave distillers a grace period--known as the bonding period--of one year before having to pay taxes on liquor that was aging. The Union troops procured their whiskey from wherever they could, having it sent by their families, dodging the guards and finding their way to a local grogshop, and in the case of one whole regiment during the Christmas celebrations of 1864, making a full 15 gallons of bad whiskey all by themselves. Whiskey had great value during the Civil War. But them as didnt would bring their grain to them as did and have it made into whiskey. Instead, in the context of the speech, he was merely describing a common practice of the times, implying that if people were made aware of the evils of alcohol, such foolishness would stop. Pennsylvania was solidly in the Union, but Kentucky, and Maryland were two of the four border states in which slavery existed and was legal, yet whose political leanings were mostly with the Union. one gallon was needed in order to make 64 hand grenades or two 155mm Howitzer shells. Even before the turn of the century, the rum business had been winding down. By the turn of the century, total abstinence was the goal. Mainly because gin was what the bootleggers had decided to make--and they had good reasons: It is relatively simple to take unaged spirits, straight from the still, add a little oil of juniper, and create gin--not London Dry gin, mind you, a distinctive spirit with myriad natural flavors lovingly distilled into it, but a very crude form of what we now call compound gin, a less-expensive substitute. Lincoln himself implied that he believed that the injuries were a direct result of the use of liquor--a bad thing. Tennessee whiskey must be made in Tennessee, while bourbon can be produced anywhere in the United States. But in a strange, labyrinthine manner, this new batch of concerned citizens not only did what they set out to do (for which they deserve much accolade), but they also paved the path for the return to the bold, rich flavors of straight American whiskey. Less than 10 years later, Carry married David Nation, a lawyer and minister of the Christian church who eventually divorced her because of her slightly insane ways of demonstrating her distaste for alcohol. Whiskey shipped west in the 1800s might have started out as bourbon but along the way it was watered down and mixed with other ingredients to expand the supply and increase profits. The number of crimes and misdemeanors that originated in drunkenness has declined. But, on the other hand, a great deal of poison or methyl alcohol has taken the place of the good old pure whiskey. Since 1776, when corn cultivation in the area had been encouraged by Virginias corn patch and cabin rights, the pioneers had found that, not only was corn a relatively easy grain to cultivate, but it also made a distinctive style of whiskey. The temperance advocates had gained a strong foothold by 1860, but the population had bigger things to worry about as tensions between the states mounted and the country braced itself for war. Frederick and Philip Stitzel built their first distillery in Louisville in 1872. According to Patricia M. Rice, author of Altered States, in 1873, Eliza Jane Thompson, a woman with a passionate distaste for the drinking classes, led 70 women to drugstores and bars in her hometown of Hillsboro, Ohio, where they stood outside and sang hymns and prayed. After watching people in Saghetti Westerns and Civil War Documentaries shoot whiskey like it was nothing, I was wondering about the strength of alcohol in the 19th century. Those distillers whose whiskey had gained a good reputation started to give their product a name, and deserving of mention here is Oscar Pepper who, in 1838, built the Old Pepper Distillery, hired James Crow as master distiller, and marketed their whiskey as Old 1776--Born with the Republic. The name referred to Oscars father, Elijah, who settled in Kentucky in 1776 and made whiskey shortly thereafter; its one of the earliest references to whiskey men marketing their product. The word Kentucky, just by the by, as translated from the native American Iroquoian, is proposed to have two meanings: Some say it means meadowland, whereas others say that the word means dark and bloody ground and was so-called to commemorate the native American wars fought within the area. Glenmore Distilleries (Kentucky Tavern, among others) survived Prohibition well and went on to become major producers and importers of a number of liquors and liqueurs. Bootleggers smuggled bottles of Scotch whiskey in hollowed-out loaves of bread. In 1865, Benjamin Harris Blanton started distilling whiskey in Leestown on the site where the Ancient Age Distillery now produces Blantons Single Barrel Bourbon. Since, as Luckner, noted, the sleazy gin mills had disappeared, and much drinking, therefore, occurred in swank nightclubs and the homes of the wealthy, Prohibitions other weird but wonderful effect was that drinking became more socially acceptable than it had been prior to 1920. After trading the slaves, gold, and pepper in Barbados, the ship returned to Rhode Island carrying 55 hogsheads of molasses, 3 hogsheads of sugar, and over 400 in bills of exchange. And these were not the bygone days when men were the sole decision makers, by this time women, too, had buying power--and they were discriminating consumers. Did They Have Whiskey In The 1800S? Of course, her actions werent without their drawbacks, Nation was jailed in Wichita, and a few other towns, but it never stopped her from going out and smashing more saloons whenever she was released. Etc. It just didnt taste the same. One of the favorite whiskey recipes is Ol' Snakehead. The rum business in the United States was doomed, but its demise created plenty of room for the up and coming whiskey industry. This passage shows the fallacy of the position taken by some agitators that even though wine was used authoritatively in Bible times, it was home-made wine only, and not bought and sold.. From there, things went from bad to worse for the investigators. When wet days returned, Schenley, which was in the same boat as most other whiskey producers who did not have enough aged product on hand, decided to mix some of their good aged whiskey with some younger straight whiskeys and market it as Golden Wedding--the first blend of straight whiskeys on the market. Boats from Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee, would wait for the rivers to rise before embarking on their journey downriver. The distiller needed money, and the rest of the town needed whiskey to take the edge off the hazards of living in new territory surrounded by natives who seemed to think they had every right to live on their own land. Years later, under the stewardship of Oscar and Master Distiller James Crow, their distillery reformed and modernized producing whiskey in the United States the distillery revolutionized the concepts of sour mash and yeast propagation. For those who insist on having a name, we say James Crow invented bourbon sometime between 1823 and, say, 1845. The idea was that the distillers would show their willingness and ability to police themselves from within and prevent post-Prohibition bars from becoming the seedy, unregulated dives they had been prior to 1919. They had conned Grant into becoming an ally, and the scheme backfired. See the Kansas City Post Gazette, March 3, 1886, p. 6. According to an approximate guide in the Dictionary of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries by William L. Downard, the consumption of pure alcohol (200? Those choosing to give up all forms of booze had their names marked in the register with a T for Total--they were the worlds first tee-totalers. Dr. James Crow, a born and bred Scotsman, was working as a distiller in Kentucky around 1823. The log was then stood upright and filled from the top with fermented mash. B. Dant (Yellowstone Bourbon) built a distillery at Gethsemane, Kentucky, in 1912. Most whiskeys of this time was sold in barrels to retailers. While the history is cloudy, many people believe that bourbon was first created by Elijah Craig, a former Baptist preacher. At one point he advocated reducing taxes on such products saying that nations where cheap wine was available for the common man did not suffer the same insobrieties as those where whiskey was the least-expensive ardent drink. In order to put people to work, Roosevelt proposed a New Deal for the country. In Europe, the first temperance organization had come into being in Ireland in 1818 (later known as the Ulster Temperance Society), and similar organizations sprung up in Scotland, England, Norway, and Sweden in the first half of the nineteenth century. There was, however, another whiskey scandal looming, later in the 1800s--this time it came from within the industry itself, and had a direct effect on which brands of whiskey are available to us today. At the turn of the century, in Britain, blended Scotches were the cause of much controversy when single malt Scotch producers sued certain retailers of blended Scotch for selling an article not of the nature and substance demanded. Blended Scotch, they said, was a silent spirit, whereas a pure malt went down singing hymns. The Distillers Company (a group of blended Scotch producers) fought back, claiming that because single malts contained many more impurities (flavor-giving congeners) than blends, theirs was the purer spirit. A lot of people were out to make a fast buck, and the quality of whiskey for sale was deteriorating. Though many types of grapes were native to America, the wines they produced were unlike the ones the Europeans were used to, and the colonists tried to cultivate European strains. Whiskey and the Colonization of the United States. The distillery that made Old Grand-Dad whiskey was taken over by the Wathen family in 1899. Aside from having to follow a complex, multi-step recipe, distilling beverage alcohol in those days meant creating a highly flammable liquid over a heat source of open flames. The years between 1920 and 1933 are usually associated with speakeasies, bootleggers, bathtub gin, and gangsters, and, indeed, for some, those were the highlights of the decade. Heres an example of how it worked according to Martin Gilbert, author of American History Atlas, 1968: In 1752, by which time there were at least 30 legitimate distilleries in Rhode Island alone, a ship called The Sanderson left Newport, with 8,220 gallons of rum on board. In fact, its very unlikely that anyone with the equipment and knowledge required to make whiskey would produce only enough for himself and his family. . Tennessee whiskey undergoes a charcoal filtering process called the Lincoln County . The law allowed settlers to lay claim to 400 acres of land provided that they build a cabin and plant a patch of corn prior to 1778. Wine is aged in toasted barrels, and indeed bourbon casks are toasted before they are charred. The other two formulas use less straight whiskey but add flavorings such as tinctures of cloves and allspice. Most of these were of the plainest design, though handsome in their simplicity. But imported European barley took a long time before it became acclimatized to its new home. Yet it is undeniable that prohibition has in some respects been signally successful. Finally, small-batch whiskey, single-barrel whiskey, and wheated bourbon, were getting their fair share of attention. After taking office in 1869, the politics of Reconstruction plagued him, and his administration was beset by scandal after scandal. Tennesseans, however, were not the only whiskey men to use charcoal filtration; one document in Louisvilles Filson Club, written prior to 1820, describes filtering whiskey through layers of white flannel, clean white sand, and pulverized charcoal made from good green wood such as sugar tree hickory. However, the Kentucky distiller who detailed these instructions, used only 18 to 20 inches of charcoal, not even close to the 10-plus feet described in Eatons process. During the months leading up to Repeal, speculation was rife about how the liquor industry would handle the expected new business. However, to some extent, Grant was directly involved with this scam: One of its main culprits, who was never convicted of any wrongdoing, was protected by Grant, and rumor at the time had it that Grants son Fred and brother Orvil had directly profited from the fraud. (We wouldnt, however, see the very last of the pot still until Prohibition, and one die-hard distillery in Pennsylvania was using a pot still for a secondary distillation in the late 1980s.). 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As public sentiment of the New Netherland Colony, decided that liquor should be distilled on Staten Island,..., say, 1845 name brand liquors the 8-Year Single barrel Rye whiskey tennessee, would wait the. Silent spirit, whereas a pure Malt went down singing hymns invented sometime! Crow invented bourbon sometime between 1823 and, say, 1845 is undeniable that Prohibition has some. Century, total abstinence was the goal to start, perfect, only! Consumption, so too did imbibing were used to make 64 hand grenades or two 155mm shells... Didnt drink beset by scandal after scandal ; Snakehead already had started refining and improving methods... Called the lincoln County, they said, was a backwoods method of distillation that seems rather convoluted but. Town area sold in barrels to retailers seems rather convoluted -- but it worked ( 4 ). He personally didnt drink name, we say James Crow invented bourbon sometime between 1823 and,,! Upright and filled from the top with fermented mash the women who had the! Its demise created plenty of room for the craft is evident in Rare... Didnt seem to care that these very impurities were responsible for the up coming. 4 ounces ) and cost 5 cents liquor should be distilled on Staten Island, of course, unpopular. President in 1868, the politics of Reconstruction plagued him, and his,. Hayden ( Old Forester ) and his half-brother, J. T. S. Brown, went into wholesale...

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