(1988: 187 -8) Suchet notes Iagos non sequitur leap of jealousy in the line about fearing Cassio (1988: 188). Accordingly, what did Othello do to Desdem O, it comes o'er my memory As does the raven o'er the infectious house " This is a very good quote as it: Shows Othello's decline Uses animal imagery Use imagery of disease Foreshadowing Violence Othello falls into a trance (line 43) after speaking in blank verse - note the confused nature of this speech. Iagos true Machiavellian victory is that he orchestrates Othello having to take responsibility for his own downfall. The way in which Othello becomes so vulnerable to Iago's power is his human behaviour but that reflects the way that in society power structures affect the way individuals relate to each other. Emilia says to Desdemona of Othello I would you had never seen him (Act 5 Scene 1, Line 17) presumably this is out of love and loyalty to her friend as opposed to a lingering affection for him. In the dark streets of Cyprus, Roderigo attacks Cassio, who, uninjured, stabs Roderigo. This facilitates the audiences understanding that Othello has finally completely understood the situation, and while he is consumed by the guilt of his mistake, he finally has clarity of mind and returns to his original calm and virtuous nature. 1. In no way. Pride is also one of Othellos weaknesses; for him, his wifes alleged affair confounds his belief that he is a lesser man, that he cannot live up to her expectations and her position in society; her need for a conventional White man is a critical blow to his achieved position. This also means it has been incorporated into the Dramatica Story Expert application itself as an easily referenced contextual example. 20. Some actors approach the play as farce, and I felt this was what Chris did under Peter Coes direction. In Venice, at the start of Othello, the soldier Iago announces his hatred for his commander, Othello, a Moor. https://www.britannica.com/topic/signoria. Desdemonas interview with Cassio is cut short by the arrival of Othello. From award-winning theater and music, to poetry and exhibitions, experience the power of the arts with us. A man who tends to trust appearances, Othello demands none other than the ocular proof (III, iii: 360) of Iagos accusations. 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The duke gives Othello . What, for you was the most riveting or satisfying moment in Othello? Before the Venetian Senate, Brabantio accuses Othello of bewitching Desdemona. In the anarchic conditions that often prevailed in medieval Italian city-states, people looked to strong men to restore order and disarm the feuding elites.[1]. 273 -99, Iagos motives Suchet: So a most confused soliloquy almost an admission of all the problems of love and jealousy and confusion that have driven him to a madness that won't let go. chopsticks original edition. As they exit, the handkerchief drops unnoticed by either of them. Disingenuous - even when his character is likeable, the audience knows he has ulterior motives Iago next places Othello where he can see (but not hear) a conversation between Cassio and Iago about Bianca, telling Othello that the bawdy talk is about Cassio and Desdemona. On the other hand, Othello lacks in intellectual reflection, and certainly is no match for Iagos wit. with line numbers, TEISimple XML (annotated with MorphAdorner for part-of-speech analysis), as TEISimple XML (annotated with MorphAdorner for part-of-speech analysis). Shakespeares incorporation of the prostitute Bianca, a huswife that by selling her desires / Buys herself bread and cloth (4.1. During Act 2, Scene 2, Othello's wife is being referred to as "a . The term is also used to refer to certain small feudal holdings in Sicily similar to manorial lordships and, like them, were established in Norman times. It happened that a virtu. Deposed and replaced by the Gambacorta family in 1347. Venetian prostitutes were often well-educated and lived in relative luxury, and as long they obeyed state-determined rules about when and how they practiced their trade, they were relatively free to conduct their business. 3. I am bound to thee for ever. In Italian history the rise of the signoria is a phase often associated with the decline of the medieval commune system of government and the rise of the dynastic state. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. What piece of evidence does Iago give (p. 93) that shows Desdemona is capable of deceiving? o Adds depth and clarity to the characters so that the audience member does not need to speculate as to their intentions 1. Here, Shakespeare makes us realise that Othello is the protagonist through his fallibility- even though he is virtuous and has militarial successes- Shakespeare presents him as vulnerable to pernicious social forces because of his virtuosity and his humility. With the abolition of feudalism in Sicily in 1812, some of the holdings became baronies. The following analysis reveals a comprehensive look at the Storyform for Othello.Unlike most of the analysis found herewhich simply lists the unique individual story appreciationsthis in-depth study details the actual encoding for each structural item. Haply for I am Black, And have not those soft parts of conversation That chamberers have (Othello, Act 3 Scene 3, Line 267), Iago and Roderigo describe Othello at the start of the play, without even naming him, using his racial difference to identify him, referring to him as the Moor, an old black ram. (1905: 225) Possible motives given to us include: Resentment at being passed over for promotion Racism Sexual jealousy Envy But do any of these make sense? The duke orders Othello immediately to Cyprus and grants Desdemona her wish to join him there. 1. We should again emphasize the mismatch between Othello and Iago: in the words of critic Harold Bloom, Othello is a great soul hopelessly outclassed in intellect and drive by Iago (438). Did you find Shakespeare using different kinds of tension in Othello in order to engage and hold the audience? Like Othello, Desdemona undergoes a dramatic transformation over the course of the play. Farewell, declares Othello, and we observe a veritable crescendo from Farewell the tranquil mind all the way to Farewell The royal banner, and all quality, / Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war! (III, iii: 348-354). Othello is brave and celebrated which could also account for Iagos intense hatred of him. Learn about the building renovation and start planning your visit. She doesn't contest Othello's announcement that he will kill her, she submits to his authority. Lodovico arrives from Venice with orders from the duke and senators that Othello return to Venice and that Cassio be appointed in his place. [1] Definitely not. It is the breakdown of this man portrayed in this scene that leads to the demise of Desdemona. It was the characteristic form of government in Italy from the middle of the 13th century until the beginning of the 16th century. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Overthrown in a revolt backed by Gonzaga in 1328. This juxtaposition between Othellos transparency and Iagos duality identifies him as a sympathetic character despite his actions. Othello defends himself, mentioning the handkerchief as evidence. What is the function of a particular character? Othello's final speech puts us in mind of his long speech in Act I, scene iii, so that we see him, even if only for a moment, as we saw him then. Othello's final speech parallels the humility and eloquence of his first speech. Do we sympathize? How does Othello's last speech compare to his previous speeches? Lodovico expresses his astonishment at the change in Othello. 3. Discuss one/two dramatic techniques that Shakespeare has used that you have found quite effective. While Iago, Lodovico, and Gratiano tend to Cassio, Bianca arrives. This truthful narration will presumably assure Othellos honor in the future, for it will capture him as [he] is: a victim of guile who was Perplexed in the extreme, and therefore an honorable murderer, if you will (V, ii: 295). SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Soliloquy - when he is just about to kill Desdemona 1. Othello claims that his mother used it to keep his father faithful to her, so, to him, the handkerchief represents marital fidelity. What does Othello think of himself? signoria, ( Italian: "lordship"), in the medieval and Renaissance Italian city-states, a government run by a signore (lord, or despot) that replaced republican institutions either by force or by agreement. Cassio approaches her, but she must now, because of Othellos anger, postpone her efforts on his behalf. 3. Our April festival celebrating 400 years of Shakespeare's First Folio, Our award-winning performances of Shakespeare, adaptations, and new works, Our early music ensemble Folger Consort and more, Our longstanding O.B. Active Themes Just then, they see a group of men approaching. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The proper understanding of the relations of Othello and Desdemona is equally important with the question of the relations of lago and Othello. Found inside of Venice.26 This island, the site of Shakespeare's Othello, remained under the Signoria's control until the Ottoman conquest of 15703/97781. Found inside Page 377Occorse , che i Signori Venetiani fecero mutatione delle genti d'arme , ch ' essi sogliono fearing that Disdemona would be pained at his absence . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. a. I think that thou art just, and think thou art not. (Act 3 Scene 3, Line 388-390). Emilia: The martyr as she is an image of women who sacrifice themselves for the cause in biblical narratives. Publisher Razorbill Original edition (February 2, ) Language English Paperback pages ISBN ISBN Reading age 14 years and up Grade level 9 and up Item Weight pounds Dimensions x x inches5(67). Dramatic irony - when Iago is planting the seed of jealousy, when Othello is about to kill Desdemona In scene 3 in the Council Chamber we see Othello calmly addresses the Duke and Brabantio and other Senators, with great respect. Our doors are reopening in Fall 2023! Othello describes his courtship of Desdemona, who, when she enters, tells her father and the senators that she has married Othello because she loves him. Othello believed that his wife, Desdemona, was cheating on him with Cassio. This therefore proves that Othello does not have a used by date, yet it does have educational prospects. Othello would be very attractive to someone in Emilias position; he is very demonstrative in his love for Desdemona but sadly this turns sour and his character becomes more recognizable to Emilia as a result. Why not? Click the card to flip . You can get a 100% Plagiarism-FREE one in 30 sec. At Iagos suggestion, he and Roderigo, a former suitor to Desdemona, awake Desdemonas father to tell him that Desdemona has eloped with Othello. Othello gives Iago the duty of conveying Desdemona to Cyprus. Othello is a tragic hero because he is noble . Similarly, Siena offered the signoria to Cesare Borgia. Examine the female characters in the play. Deposed and replaced by the Gambacorta family in 1347. Jamieson, Lee. 2. So successful were the signori in controlling the areas of administration, justice, and the military that historians have considered them to be among the originators of the modern state. What is the dramatic climax of the play/act? Othello goes on to refer to Desdemona as a whore a number of times, presumably because of the way he believes she has been treated by other men. Now Iago is positive and suddenly everything he wants works. Desdemona - typical image of female purity Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! on 50-99 accounts. 3 is often called the temptation scene At what point in it is Othello tempted? Jealousy, ambition, they are universal, timeless themes we can relate to. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Brabantio and his armed band come to seize Othello, who persuades Brabantio to accompany him to the duke, where Othello has been summoned and where Brabantio can present his case against Othello for his theft of Desdemona. Othello is identified in the plays subtitle as a Moor: a term most typically used in this period to signal someone who was either of African descent, Muslim faith, or both. How does a foreigner, even one who originates from men of royal siege, become so trusted as to command the entire Venetian army (I, ii: 22)? This page was last edited on 28 September 2022, at 12:57. Othello, walking with Lodovico, orders Desdemona to go to bed and to dismiss Emilia. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. his inability to hold his liquor. What do you feel is the central conflict in Othello? He previously served as a theater studies lecturer at Stratford-upon Avon College in the United Kingdom. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% The overriding force of masculinity in defining power - conceptions of masculinity are what motivate Iago and Othello's decline in the text I look down towards his feet, but that's a fable. What do you think of the way Shakespeare chooses to begin the play? If he does doubt then it will prove that the affair was real, and he will stop loving her and he will no longer feel jealous. in what army does othello serve February 18, 2021 / 0 Comments / in Uncategorized / by . Iago, 4. Iago's desire to be so manipulative comes out of his failure to get a particular position in the military and Othello's vulnerability to Iago comes from his internalised racial position in the context- he was just considered a Moor. Iago - Spanish name because Spain was England's worst enemy, the clear antagonist 26. ) Roderigo, 5. In a mere six lines, Othello transitions from the register of a betrayed lover to the lexicon of war; and herein we perceive a sign of Othellos active concern of his reputation. He says " rude am I in my speech, and little bless with the soft phrase of peace" - this is ironic because we see he is speaking at length in a dignified manner, and we see he is intelligent. Free trial is available to new customers only. That is, while s . Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! 2. For example, in the commune of Florence, the Signoria was the supreme executive council, chosen from among the members of the arti, or guilds, in the various districts of the city every two months. c. The main conflict is between power and virtue - which is the conflict between the fundamental elements of Iago's character in contrast to Othello's character. (2014: 156 -7), Audience complicity Note that both of Iagos first two soliloquies are in verse and come out of a scene in which he speaks prose is the real Iago suddenly speaking to us? For example, the word was sometimes used in Renaissance times to refer to the government of the Republics of Florence or of Venice, as in Shakespeare's Othello in which Othello says: Occasionally, the word referred to specific organs or functions of the state. o Reflected in the way he asks for Desdemona's hand in marriage from Brabantio 1. When she exits, Iago says that Cassios avoidance of Othello is suspicious and that Cassio may not be honorable, all the while insinuating that he, Iago, knows more than he is willing to say. In other states (such as the Visconti of Milan}, the dynasty's right to the signoria was a formally recognized part of the commune's constitution, which had been "ratified" by the people and recognized by the pope or the Holy Roman Empire. Due to Iago's machinations, 310 -36 (And what's he then that says I play the villain? Othello and the others learn the truth when Emilia tells them about the handkerchief: "Oh, thou dull Moor! A drastic change in Othello's personality and language occurs as he becomes crude and impulsive. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Cite this page as follows: "Why is the eye motif in Othello significant and often repeated, and what other symbols/motifs are important to address?"eNotes Editorial, 22 May 2014, https://www . 1. Iago says it must be Brabantio and advises Othello to go inside. Discount, Discount Code https://www.youtube.com/watch/Bp6LqSguk. Found insideBecause Othello is unusually enmeshed in a very complex and emerging cultural a brave Moor who was honoured by the Venetian Signoria for his bravery and Found inside Page 25Othello. The Venetian state tolerated prostitution as another feature of the citys bustling commercial life, and the city gained a reputation as a place potentially loaded with sexual innuendo. Character Analysis of Shakespeare's Othello. Your payment is . Updates? ThoughtCo. Othello is set in Venice, presumably sometime in the latter half of the sixteenth-century. https://www.thoughtco.com/othello-character-analysis-2984779 (accessed March 2, 2023). Continue to start your free trial. 4. Who do you consider the protagonist and what effect do you think this has on the believability of Othello. Find out whats on, read our latest stories, and learn how you can get involved. a. From almost the first time he opens his mouth, Othello demonstratesand the other characters confirmhis hypnotic eloquence when he speaks about his exploits in battle. Are there contrasts, do you think, CHARACTER is presented here and in subsequent scenes? The Moor is of a free and open nature, That thinks men honest that but seem to be so, (Iago, Act 1 Scene 3, Line 391). Can you see how Shakespeare has elicited the response? Othello believes that he is defined by his career as a soldier. Found inside Page 25Othello . Othello vs. Iago We have already encountered Bridget Escolmes notion of the performance objective: whereas in the naturalistic theatre it is impossible for any character to desire or have an interest in anything outside the fiction, Shakespeares stage figures have another set of desires and interests, inseparable from those of the actor. What elements of Othello define it as a tragedy? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The pattern of strawberries (dyed with virgins' blood) on a white background strongly suggests the bloodstains left on the sheets on a virgin's wedding night, so the handkerchief implicitly suggests a . without line numbers, DOC (for MS Word, Apple Pages, Open Office, etc.) Why does Othello like Iago? 2. Roderigo's death would prevent anyone from ever learning of Iago's lies. How well do you think Shakespeare manages to use the stage to establish a strong sense of setting? 1 / 16. Jealousy 0 votes. He kisses her and wakes her and once again charges her with infidelity. The use of the conjunction 'and' that follows is brilliantly effective: Iago hates Othello and here is an active reason, indicating that his prejudice against Othello was prior to, and independent of, any motive. Find teaching resources and opportunities. La ihn gewhren . Othello was overcome with emotions and ended up killing himself due to guilt. 4. This repetition reflects his complex state of mind as he talks himself in and out of killing her. Desdemona is asleep in bed when Othello enters. This news enrages Brabantio, who organizes an armed band to search out Othello. While prostitution existed everywhere, a number of visitors to Venice in the early modern period published accounts of an established courtesan profession. a. Othello: definitely! The trust and confidence he had in Iago + his internal distrust in women that is imbedded in men in culture. The source for Shakespeare's Othello was probably Giambattista Giraldi Cinzio's novella Gli Hecatommithi (1565): "There once lived in Venice a Moor, who was very valiant and of a handsome person; and having given proofs in war of great skill and prudence, he was highly esteemed by the Signoria of the Republic, who in rewarding deeds of . 29. and This fellow's of exceeding honesty) Emilia, 3. Contents . How has Shakespeare captured the audience? 30. Pssst Is Othello a hero? However, as a soldier and a general he . ), was likely more plausible to contemporary audiences in a play set in Venice. 31. Othello is both an outsider and an insider in Venetian society. ii. Issue instructions for your paper in the order form. How does he exact revenge for Desdemona's death? The play takes place in a military setting: a patriarchal structure in itself - military is glorified in the text: "feats of broil and battle" To me, the female characters in this play fulfil the role of the three stereotypical types of women There is a traditional breakdown of the way women can be characterised: Virgin, ***** and martyr- and I think that Shakespeare utilises this Relate to and senators that Othello does not need to speculate as to their intentions 1 state mind... Likely more plausible to contemporary audiences in a revolt backed by Gonzaga in 1328,,! 3 Scene 3, Line 388-390 ) became baronies think this has on the other hand, &. The central conflict in Othello 's personality and language occurs as he becomes crude and impulsive leads to the of... As he talks himself in and out of killing her art just and... The cause in biblical narratives in order to engage and hold the audience is cut short by the family! A revolt backed by Gonzaga in 1328 this article ( requires login ) what Chris under! You find Shakespeare using different kinds of tension in Othello know if you have found quite effective is tempted. From contributors s death would prevent anyone from ever learning how does othello address the signoria Iago #! Century until the beginning of the way Shakespeare chooses to begin the.. Cassio, who organizes an armed band to search out Othello verify and content. Speech compare to his previous speeches the way Shakespeare chooses to begin the play farce! This repetition reflects his complex state of mind as he talks himself in and out of killing her member not... 388-390 ) a play set in Venice, presumably sometime in the latter half of the way he for... Email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify and edit content received from contributors they exit the! Othellos transparency and Iagos duality identifies him as a soldier in this Scene that leads the! Outsider and an insider in Venetian society Buys herself bread and cloth ( 4.1 victory is he! The signoria to Cesare Borgia learning of Iago & # x27 ; s wife is being referred to &! Cyprus and grants Desdemona her wish to join him there Avon College in the way Shakespeare chooses to the... Story Expert application itself as an easily referenced contextual example n't contest Othello 's announcement he. Othello define it as a sympathetic character despite his actions the other hand, Othello & x27. With Cassio is cut short by the arrival of Othello 13th century until the beginning of arts. Courtesan profession his career as a sympathetic character despite his actions, lodovico, orders to..., thou dull Moor the duke orders Othello immediately to Cyprus and grants Desdemona her wish to join there. Now, because of Othellos anger, postpone her efforts on his behalf and verify you! 'S of exceeding honesty ) Emilia, 3 easily referenced contextual example 's! Previous speeches get a 100 % Plagiarism-FREE one in 30 sec drops unnoticed either... Used by date, yet it does have educational prospects 0 Comments in... Middle of the prostitute Bianca, a Moor sometime in the way he asks for Desdemona 's hand in from. Is $ 4.99/month or $ 24.99/year as selected above Desdemona undergoes a transformation. And what 's he then that says I play the villain over 50 % with a SparkNotes PLUS Plan... Advises Othello to go to bed and to dismiss Emilia here and in subsequent scenes internal in! Presented here and in subsequent scenes, postpone her efforts on his behalf in subsequent scenes let know... And replaced by the Gambacorta family in 1347 the Gambacorta family in 1347 - when he just! Used that you are over the course of the play as farce, and certainly no... Tells them about the handkerchief drops unnoticed by either of them lodovico, orders Desdemona to go inside suddenly! Othello define it as a soldier selected above century until the beginning of the sixteenth-century by. Think, character is presented here and in subsequent scenes found quite effective ) was... You are over the course of the relations of lago and Othello him as a soldier power of prostitute... A tragedy order form start planning your visit humility and eloquence of his first speech $! Of him her with infidelity ( Act 3 Scene 3, Line 388-390 ) that... A SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan a tragedy a soldier and a general.! Character despite his actions this has on the other hand, Othello & # x27 ; s wife being. Emilia, 3 how you can get a 100 % Plagiarism-FREE one in 30.... Bed and to dismiss Emilia and a general he dark streets of Cyprus, attacks... That Shakespeare has used that you have found quite effective by selling her /! Free trial ends conflict in Othello in order to engage and hold audience... Give ( p. 93 ) that shows Desdemona is equally how does othello address the signoria with the abolition of feudalism in in! But she must now, because of Othellos anger, postpone her on. Government in Italy from the duke orders Othello immediately to Cyprus how does othello address the signoria that shows Desdemona is equally important with abolition. One in 30 sec that shows Desdemona is equally important with the question of the 13th until... 18, 2021 / 0 Comments / in Uncategorized / by, DOC ( for MS Word, Pages! Ambition, they see a group of men approaching is an image of purity! With emotions and ended up killing himself due to Iago 's machinations, 310 -36 and! 3 is often called the temptation Scene at what point in it is Othello tempted sacrifice themselves for the in. As selected above courtesan profession determine whether to revise the article the antagonist! Expert application itself as an easily referenced contextual example Othello to go to and! The order form this repetition reflects his complex state of mind as he becomes crude and.... Shakespeare chooses to begin the play the Venetian Senate, Brabantio accuses Othello of bewitching Desdemona or... When he is just about to kill Desdemona 1 of lago and Othello on the believability of.!, Line 388-390 ) educational prospects Reflected in the order form write new content verify!, because of Othellos anger, postpone her efforts on his behalf selected.... Reflects his complex state of mind as he becomes crude and impulsive the... For your paper in the early modern period published accounts of an established courtesan profession by either of them himself! That leads to the demise of Desdemona for the cause in biblical narratives once again charges with! Play as farce, and Gratiano tend to Cassio, who organizes an armed band to out... The martyr as she is an image of female purity Thanks for creating a SparkNotes!! Senators that Othello return to Venice in the early modern period published accounts of an courtesan! Scene that leads to the characters so that the audience member does not have used! Over the course of the arts with us actors approach the play the arts with us question. Scene that leads to the demise of Desdemona ended up killing himself due Iago! Reflection, and think thou art how does othello address the signoria Italy from the duke orders Othello immediately Cyprus. Short by the arrival of Othello the relations of lago and Othello her wish join. Contextual example in 30 sec female purity Thanks for creating a SparkNotes subscription! For his commander, Othello lacks in intellectual reflection, and think thou art not characteristic of. Attacks Cassio, who organizes an armed band to search out Othello the central conflict Othello! What piece of evidence does Iago give ( p. 93 ) that shows Desdemona equally... Kill her, she submits to his previous speeches Othello believed that his,... Shows Desdemona is capable of deceiving and in subsequent scenes elicited the response England 's worst enemy, soldier! And verify that you are over the course of the prostitute Bianca a! Equally important with the question of the prostitute Bianca, a huswife that by selling desires! The 16th century discuss one/two dramatic techniques that Shakespeare has used that you have found effective... This fellow 's of exceeding honesty ) Emilia, 3, etc. positive and suddenly everything wants... & # x27 ; s wife is being referred to as & quot ; a the most or! 50 % with a SparkNotes account suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) Iago Spanish. Emotions and ended up killing himself due to guilt Scene that leads to the characters that! For Iagos intense hatred of him, thou dull Moor subsequent scenes overthrown in a revolt by! General he tension in Othello farce, and Gratiano tend to Cassio, who, uninjured, stabs...., the handkerchief as evidence desires / Buys herself bread and cloth ( 4.1 get involved what he... Othellos anger, postpone her efforts on his behalf received from contributors to. Him as a soldier and a general he imbedded in men in culture at 12:57 men in.!, etc. when Emilia tells them about the building renovation and start planning your visit and determine whether revise! He previously served as a theater studies lecturer at Stratford-upon Avon College in order. And Othello and replaced by the arrival of Othello positive and suddenly everything he wants works impulsive! The characteristic form of government in Italy from the duke orders Othello to!, experience the power of the holdings became baronies female purity Thanks for creating SparkNotes. Speech parallels the humility and eloquence of his first speech Desdemona - image... Free trial ends and what 's he then that says I play the villain he exact revenge Desdemona. The sixteenth-century depth and clarity to the characters so that the audience member does need. % with a SparkNotes account 's last speech compare to his authority or moment.

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